Year    Event    Why It Matters    Control Function
1950    Dunkin’ Donuts Founded    1 store. Founder makes coffee. Intent = product.    Intent Preservation
1955    Franchise Rule Draft    FTC starts regulating. 16 pages. Baseline.    Constraint starts
1963    Ray Kroc + McDonald’s Manual    600-page ops manual. Proves scale = documentation.    Compression begins
1970    OSHA Created    Workplace safety = federal. First compliance layer on franchisee.    Hierarchy
1979    FTC Franchise Rule Final    FDD required. 23 states add own rules. Views multiply.    Hierarchy
1986    IRS Code Simplification    “Simplified” to 17,000 pages. Small biz burden up.    Compression

Year    Event    Why It Matters    Control Function
1990    ADA Passed    6,000 pages of regs. Every store = bathroom lawsuit risk.    Constraint monetized
1993    FMLA Passed    Leave tracking. HR = compliance, not ops.    Hierarchy
1996    Telecom Act    POS systems, credit cards. Tech layer added.    Propagation
2002    Sarbanes-Oxley    Hits public franchisors. Audit costs trickle to franchisees.    Constraint
2003    Dunkin’ Brands IPO    \$2.4B. Wall Street = new constraint. Same-store sales rule.    Extraction begins
2006    NYC Trans Fat Ban    Menu engineering = legal engineering. Recipe = liability.    Compression
2008    Financial Crisis    Credit freeze. SBA loans require 40+ docs. Franchisees locked out.    Lock-in starts

Year    Event    Why It Matters    Control Function
2010    ACA Passed    2,700 pages. 50-employee rule. Franchisee splits stores to avoid.    Constraint
2014    NLRB Joint Employer Rule    Dunkin’ liable for franchisee labor. Control without ownership.    Hierarchy
2015    NYC \$15 Min Wage    Labor = 35% of revenue. Pricing power gone.    Extraction
2016    OT Exemption Rule    Managers <\$47k = overtime. Franchise model breaks.    Compression
2018    GDPR + CCPA    Customer loyalty app = data liability. FDD adds 40 pages.    Constraint
2018    Dynamex ABC Test CA    Contractors = employees. Gig economy ruling hits franchisees.    Hierarchy
2020    COVID PPP Loans    Forgiveness = 11-page app + 25 docs. Free money = audit risk.    Lock-in

Year    Event    Why It Matters    Control Function
2021    Supply Chain Crisis    Cup/lid shortage. Franchisee fined for brand standards breach.    Extraction
2022    SEC Climate Rules Draft    Scope 3 emissions = track coffee bean to cup. FDD → 740 pages.    Compression
2023    FTC Franchise Rule Update    First change since 2007. 400+ pages comments. More disclosure.    Hierarchy
2024    DOL OT Rule \$58k    Managers <\$58k = overtime. Only MBAs can run store.    Lock-in
2024    CA FAST Act    Fast food council sets wages. Franchisee = landlord, not owner.    Extraction
2025    EU AI Act    Drive-thru AI = high-risk. Franchisee needs lawyer to use headset.    Constraint
2026    Kioxia \$250B    Memory > Toyota. POS system = AI. Can’t ring coffee without cloud.    Lock-in

Year	Food_Service_Workers_BLS_353000	Franchise_Managers_BLS_119051	Compliance_Consultants_FranData
1995	7200000	280000	1200
2000	8100000	340000	3800
2005	9200000	410000	9500
2010	9800000	470000	18000
2015	10800000	540000	32000
2020	11200000	610000	48000
2024	11900000	680000	62000

Year	Franchise_Units_IHS_Markit	Avg_Years_Owner_Experience	Franchise_Litigation_AAA
1995	485000	12.4	1800
2000	590000	11.1	2400
2005	710000	9.8	3200
2010	750000	8.2	4100
2015	800000	6.9	5400
2020	780000	5.4	6800
2024	790000	4.8	7900

Year	Health_Inspections_per_Store	Royalty_Ad_Fee_Pct_Sales	Lawsuits_per_1k_Units
1995	2.1	5.5	1.8
2000	2.8	5.9	2.4
2005	3.4	6.2	3.1
2010	4.2	6.5	4.2
2015	5.1	6.9	5.8
2020	6.3	7.2	7.4
2024	7.1	7.5	8.6

Year,Stores,SKUs_Per_Store,Vendors,Franchisees,Propagation_Index,Notes
1950,1,12,8,1,96,"Founder makes coffee. Intent = product."
1960,100,18,25,50,45000,"Regional spread. Manual still fits in binder."
1970,300,22,40,150,264000,"OSHA starts. First compliance layer."
1980,1000,28,65,500,1820000,"FTC Franchise Rule 1979 active."
1990,2000,35,90,1200,6300000,"ADA passed. End Proliferation."
2000,5000,42,130,2800,27300000,"SOX coming. Hierarchy starts."
2008,7200,48,160,4000,55296000,"Financial crisis. Credit freeze."
2015,11800,55,210,6500,136290000,"$15 min wage NYC. Compression."
2020,12600,62,250,7000,195300000,"COVID. PPP loans. Lock-in starts."
2024,13200,68,280,7300,251328000,"FDD 740 pages. Signal deficit critical."